In terms of risk factors, which of the following is the least controllable?

Family history is considered the least controllable risk factor because it is determined by genetics and cannot be modified or changed. Individuals cannot alter their family background or genetic predisposition to certain health conditions, including vascular diseases.

In contrast, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes are risk factors that can often be managed through lifestyle changes, medications, and education. For instance, individuals can choose to quit smoking, adhere to a diet and exercise regimen to control their blood pressure and blood sugar levels, or seek medical treatment to manage these conditions. While family history can inform healthcare decisions and risk assessments, it does not allow for any behavioral or medical intervention to mitigate its influence on health outcomes. This distinguishes it clearly from other modifiable lifestyle and health-related factors.